The mosque, constructed using red brick, embodies the architectural style of late classicism. Its design is marked by extreme restraint, with minimal decoration. The spatial and planning layout, along with the proportional relationships of its various parts, strongly evoke the characteristics of a traditional Orthodox parish church. On top of the walls of the two-part prayer hall—comprising the lower rectangular space and the mihrab—there is a modestly projecting profiled cornice, supported at the corners by wide shoulder blades. Both the eastern and western facades of the southern half of the prayer hall are further divided into two levels by a profiled cornice, which is upheld by small blades on each side. The lower part of the wall features openings aligned with those of the northern part of the prayer hall, arranged in two tiers. The middle windows in the upper tier are framed by architraves with a profiled cornice at the top. In the upper half of the wall, there is one large semicircular opening, framed by an archivolt with a keystone, with an elongated rectangular niche beneath it. Above the capitals of the small blades, two smaller niches are incorporated into the design.

The mosque is bordered by streets on three sides: to the south by Second Mechetnaya Street, to the north by Belomechetnaya, and to the west by Admiralteyskaya. The eastern side adjoins a neighboring property. Interestingly, the mosque is not positioned along the street’s red line but is set back into the courtyard. Although oriented directly south, the structure is not aligned strictly parallel to Admiralteyskaya Street; it is instead slightly angled to it.

In 1810, the mosque measured 12.5 by 5 fathoms, extending from south to north. The structure included a semicircular ledge at the mihrab on the southern side, and a rectangular projection on the northern side, where the minaret was situated. Both the mihrab and minaret were equal in size, aligning with the main body of the mosque. The walls of the mosque were constructed from red brick measuring 25.5×12.5×6 cm, with lime mortar and pile masonry, and were plastered both inside and out.

Photographs from the pre-revolutionary period reveal the mosque’s composition: a long prayer hall, measuring 11 by 22.5 meters, with a semicircular mihrab projection to the south and a minaret to the north. The prayer hall was a single-story structure, divided into two sections. The southern section was a high, three-story volume covered by a flat faceted dome, while the northern section was lower, with a gable hip roof. The interior of both sections featured flat wooden ceilings. These two volumes were separated by a stone wall containing three arches—one central and two smaller side arches. Along the northern perimeter, mezzanine galleries for women were constructed. These galleries were accessible through an entrance located above the main doorway, which also provided access to the minaret. Inside the minaret, a staircase led up to an upper platform.

The southern volume of the mosque, measuring 11 by 13.5 meters, reached a height of 16 meters. This section had window openings in three tiers and was capped by a gently sloping octahedral dome, resting on a low octagonal drum. Atop this drum was a thin octagonal drum, with a ball and crescent on top. The northern section was a double-height space, with dimensions of 13 by 14 meters, and a height of 8 meters. This section had a gable hip roof and featured two-tiered window openings. The mihrab projection was situated at the southern end of the prayer hall, and its roof was in the shape of a conch. The minaret, attached to the northern side of the prayer hall, was structured with a lower quadrangular section. This quadrangle was the same height as the northern portion of the prayer hall, with a width of 4 meters, corresponding to the width of the mihrab.

The minaret was surrounded by arched galleries, which were lower than the prayer hall. These galleries formed the lower section of the minaret, while the upper cylindrical portion rose above them. The upper part of the minaret, slightly narrower than its lower section, was taller by about one and a half times. The cylindrical section featured two-tiered window openings, with exits to a round balcony and the upper platform of the minaret. This balcony, however, did not last long. The minaret was topped by a dome, with a thin octagonal drum and a ball and crescent.

The architectural framing of the windows in the minaret was more elaborate than in the prayer hall. The windows on the lower tier featured an elongated rectangular shape, with a semicircular upper part, connected by a continuous ribbon casing. The windows in the upper tier had architraves with “ears” and were capped with triangular pediments. In contrast, the windows in the prayer hall lacked such frames. The lower tier windows of the prayer hall were vertically elongated, with a height about two and a half times their width. These rectangular openings had wooden lintels, supported by a brick wedge-shaped structure.

The mosque had three main entrances. The primary entrance was located on the northern side of the minaret’s lower quadrangle, while a second entrance was positioned centrally on the western facade of the northern part of the prayer hall. A third, less prominent entrance, was also accessible.

By 1870, the White Mosque had already gained recognition as a historical landmark. Local publications such as the “Astrakhan provincial sheets” noted that the mosque, constructed in 1810, had replaced a wooden structure that had stood on the same site for 130 years.